Framework for Understanding ACA Market Structure and Risk Adjustment Programs Series
ACA Marketplace Primer - Part 1
This article outlines the fundamental structure of the ACA marketplace, its participants, and various coverage programs. Understanding these basic components creates a foundation for exploring more complex aspects of ACA, particularly the Risk Adjustment Program which manages the distribution of financial risk among insurers based on their enrolled populations' health status.
Affordable Care Act
The Health Insurance Marketplace, created under the Affordable Care Act (ACA), offers a straightforward way to compare and purchase health insurance. Think of it as a shopping center for healthcare plans, where every plan must meet certain quality standards.
When Can general public Enroll?
Annual Open Enrollment : November 1 - January 15
Want coverage by January 1? Sign up by December 15
Enrolling between December 16 - January 15? Your coverage starts February 1
Life changes like marriage, moving, or job loss? You might qualify for a Special Enrollment Period
Understanding Metal Tiers: How Much Will members Pay?
Insurance plans come in different metal tiers, each representing how you and your insurance company share costs:
Platinum: Insurance covers 90%, you pay 10% - Best for frequent healthcare needs
Gold: Insurance covers 80%, you pay 20% - Good for moderate healthcare needs
Silver: Insurance covers 70%, you pay 30% - Popular middle-ground option
Bronze: Insurance covers 60%, you pay 40% - Lowest monthly premiums
Catastrophic: Basic coverage for healthy people under 30
Note: Lower monthly premiums usually mean higher out-of-pocket costs when you need care.
Financial Assitance
The ACA provides two main types of financial assistance:
1. Premium Tax Credits (PTC)
- Help reduce your monthly insurance bill
- Available if your income is between 100-400% of Federal Poverty Level
- Applied directly to your premium or claimed on tax returns
2. Cost-Sharing Reductions (CSR)
- Lower your out-of-pocket costs like deductibles and copays
- Available if your income is between 100-250% of Federal Poverty Level
- Must enroll in a Silver plan to qualify
Employment-Based Options
1. Small Business Options (SHOP)
For businesses with fewer than 50 employees:
- Employers can offer group health plans
- May qualify for tax credits
- Employees get group coverage rates
2. Health Reimbursement Arrangements (HRA)
Two modern options for employers:
QSEHRA (Small Businesses)
- For employers with fewer than 50 employees
- Tax-free reimbursement for medical expenses and premiums
- Annual contribution limits apply
ICHRA (Any Size)
- Available to employers of any size
- Flexible design options
- Can offer different amounts to different employee classes
3. ESC (Employee Sponsored Coverage)
Employer-provided health insurance must be affordable
Must meet minimum value standards
Plan must cover at least 60% of total allowed costs
Must provide substantial coverage of physician and inpatient hospital services
There is always more to learn and share. Please share your feedback and if there are additional topics that might be of value.
Sources:
https://www.healthcare.gov/
https://www.cms.gov/marketplace/eligibility-enrollment-resources/coverage-effectuation-webinar
https://www.cms.gov/marketplace/technical-assistance-resources/aptc-csr-basics.pdf
https://www.cms.gov/marketplace/technical-assistance-resources/aptc-csr-basics.pdf